Updated: March 20,2020

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Storage classes in C

Code:AC0000005

By: Avnish Jain

Article contents

• What are storage classes?
• What are storage specifiers?
• Automatic storage class
• Static storage class
• Register storage class
• Extern storage class
• Exercises, solutions

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What are storage classes?

Storage class determines the scope, lifetime, storage location and initial value of a variable. There are four storage classes in C such as Automatic, Static, Register, External

What are storage class specifiers?

A variable of each storage class can be declared by writing a storage specifier in front of the variable. At most one storage specifier can be written in front of a variable. The storage specifiers for each storage class is as follows:

• auto storage class specifiers are used before automatic storage class variables declarations. For example auto int i; will declare a variable of int datatype and automatic storage class.
• static storage class specifiers are used before static storage class variables declarations. For example static double i; will declare a variable of double datatype and static storage class.
• register storage class specifiers are used before register storage class variables declarations. For example register int i; will declare a variable of int datatype and register storage class.
• extern storage class specifiers are used before external storage class variables declarations. For example extern int i; will declare a variable of int datatype and external storage class.

Automatic storage class

Variables with automatic storage class are defined inside a function and are also called local variables. Auto/local variables have the following rules.

• The scope of a local variable is limited to the function or block in which it is defined.
• You must initialize a local variable. Uninitialized local variables can contain random values and can lead to undefined behavior.
• By default a variable declared within a function will be considered as auto/local.

A variable declared outside all the functions is called a global variable. Global variables have the following rules.

• A global variable is generally declared at the top of the program
• The scope of a global variable is all the functions in the file in which it is defined.
• You must initialize a global variable. Uninitialized global variables are automatically initilized to 0 by the compiler.
• A global variable can be re-initialized inside a function.

To demonstrate the auto/local, global variable features, let's write a program as shown below.

#include <stdio.h>
int autoFunc(int );
int glbvar = 10;
int glbvar1;
int main() {
  printf("glbvar:%d,glbvar1:%d\n", glbvar, glbvar1);
  int autovar = 20;
  int res;
  printf("res is:%d\n", res);
  res = autoFunc(autovar);
  printf("res is:%d\n", res);
  return 0;
}
int autoFunc(int autovar)
{
  printf("0th block:%d\n", autovar);
  {
    auto int autovar = 30;
    printf("Ist block:%d\n", autovar);
    {
      auto int autovar = 40;
      printf("2nd block:%d\n", autovar);
    }
  }
  glbvar += autovar;
  return glbvar;
}

$ gcc Listing1.c
$ ./a.out
glbvar:10,glbvar1:0
res is:0
0th block:20
Ist block:30
2nd block:40
res is:30
$

Let's analyze the above program. The following are the points to observe from the above program.

• Variable autovar is declared once inside the main function, two times inside the autoFunc function. We have printed all instances and they are having different values. So autovar has function or block scope.
• variable glbvar is a global variable defined outside all the function and could be accessed inside both main and autoFunc function.
• glbvar1 is a global variable but it is uninitilized. But compiler automatically initialized it to 0. So when we printed it inside main function, it printed as 0.
• res is a variable decalared within main function without having any storage class specifier. So it is by default considered as an auto or local variable.

Static storage class

A static variable remains in memory while the program is running in contrast to a normal or auto variable which is destroyed when a function call where the variable was declared is over. Following are the features of a static variable:

• Static variables are allocated memory in data segment, not stack segment.
• Static variables are unavailable to functions defined in other files, even if these functions attempt to use the extern storage class keyword to access them.
• Static functions are unavailable to other files, even if these files attempt to use the extern storage class keyword to access them.
• Like global variables static variables are initialized as 0 if not initialized explicitly.
• Life time of a static variable is equal to the life time of the c program file where it is declared.

Let's write a program to demonstrate the use of static variables

#include <stdio.h>
static int p;
int f(void) {
  static int x = 0;
  x++;
  return x;
}
int y(void) {
  int x = 0;
  x++;
  return x;
}
int main() 
{
  int j;
  printf("Static variable x:%d\n", p);
  for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
    printf("Value of f(): %d\n", f());
  }
  for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
    printf("Value of y(): %d\n", y());
  }
  return 0;
}

$ gcc prog1.c
$ ./a.out
Static variable x:0
Value of f(): 1
Value of f(): 2
Value of f(): 3
Value of f(): 4
Value of f(): 5
Value of y(): 1
Value of y(): 1
Value of y(): 1
Value of y(): 1
Value of y(): 1
pi@raspberrypi:~/try $

Let's analyze the above program. Here we have two functions f and y. Function f is having a static int variable x where as function y is having a non-static variable x. You can see in the output that though we called both the functions 5 times, output of function f keeps incrementing on successive calls where as the output of function y remains always at 1. This is because the static variable x declared inside function f is not reinitilized to 0 where as in function y variable x is reinitialized to 0 on successive calls.

Also when we printed an uninitialized static variable p, inside main function, compiler automatically initilized to 0. So when we printed it inside main function, it prints as 0.

Let's write another program and compile along with the above program as shown below.

#include <stdio.h>
extern int p;
int function()
{
  printf("printing static var p:%d\n", p);
}

pi@raspberrypi:~/try $ gcc prog1.c prog2.c
/tmp/cciYesJG.o: In function `function':
prog2.c:(.text+0x28): undefined reference to `p'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
pi@raspberrypi:~/try $

If you see the above program output, it shows that the variable p which is declared as static in prog1.c could not be accessed in the prog2.c even though extern keyword is used to access it from prog1.c file. So it confirms that static variable can be accessed only in the file where it is declared.

Now remove the static storage specifier from variable p in prog1.c. You should be able to compile prog1.c and prog2.c together. Compiler will not give any error

Exercises, Solutions